These resources follow the seventeenth edition of The Chicago Manual of Style 17t h e dition , which was issued in Please note that although these resources reflect the most recent updates in the The Chicago Manual of Style 17 th edition concerning documentation practices, you can review a full list of updates concerning usage, technology, professional practice, etc.
To see a side-by-side comparison of the three most widely used citation styles, including a chart of all CMOS citation guidelines, see the Citation Style Chart.
The material on this page focuses primarily on one of the two CMOS documentation styles: the Notes-Bibliography System NB , which is used by those working in literature, history, and the arts. The other documentation style, the Author-Date System, is nearly identical in content but slightly different in form and is preferred by those working in the social sciences. Though the two systems both convey all of the important information about each source, they differ not only in terms of the way they direct readers to these sources, but also in terms of their formatting e.
For examples of how these citation styles work in research papers, consult our sample papers:. In addition to consulting The Chicago Manual of Style 17th edition for more information, students may also find it useful to consult Kate L.
This manual, which presents what is commonly known as the "Turabian" citation style, follows the two CMOS patterns of documentation but offers slight modifications suited to student texts. The Chicago Notes and Bibliography NB system is often used in the humanities to provide writers with a system for referencing their sources through the use of footnotes, endnotes, and through the use of a bibliography.
This offers writers a flexible option for citation and provides an outlet for commenting on those sources, if needed. Note as well that you should never insert multiple footnotes right after each other. One annoying feature about CMS is that it can be tricky to format your footnotes properly in Microsoft Word.
For help with these formatting rules, please watch the video above. Do note that in unpublished manuscripts you are allowed to use superscript in the notes see section When you cite a source in a footnote, the key elements author, title, etc. By contrast, in your final bibliography you would use periods, invert the name, and either leave out the page or for some citations give the full page range:.
Trip, Jennifer. Sources that are cited multiple times can be shortened after the first citation. When shortening a title, remove the articles a , an , the and use just a few key words. For the author, omit first names and remove references to contributor roles e. Some tennis experts feel that the fifth set tie breaker should be simplified due to the number of power hitters who dominate the service game. You can also use the abbreviation cf. If you want to emphasize part of a quote, add italics, or make any other changes you desire, you can add a quick note at the end of your citation:.
In the last two examples, the abbreviations n and nn stand for note and notes. The number that precedes them is the page reference.
Sometimes it happens that a source does not use page numbers. In that case you may want to substitute a chapter title, a paragraph number, or some other description of where the claim or quote may be located. By contrast, for many classic literary works you will have to familiarize yourself with how a work is customarily cited.
In such complex citations you can use the abbreviations p. One reason to prefer endnotes over footnotes is that the latter can be a distraction from the body of your text.
Endnotes are primarily used for books and select scholarly publications. Most students can rely on using footnotes instead. Citations in endnotes follow the same rules as for footnotes. List citations alphabetically. Only cite individual items when you have referenced only a single item from a collection.
Wilson, Budge. Typescript of short story Brothers and Sisters, , Budge Wilson fonds. Wamboldt-Waterfield Photographic Collection. Some examples of graphic material can include: drawings, posters, paintings, cartoons, comics, prints, and broadsides. Some examples of ephemera can include: postcards, posters, pamphlets, and broadsides.
Dates of individual items should be mentioned in the text, when applicable. In such cases, it is not necessary to add the date along with the collection title in parentheses.
Hicks outlined his position in a letter to the Annapolis County electorate dated October 24, Henry Davies Hicks fonds.
Hicks, Henry Davies. Search this Guide Search. Archival Research A guide on conducting archival research. Includes instructions on finding archival material at the Dalhousie Libraries. Home Introduction to archives Toggle Dropdown Differences between archives and libraries Types of archival repositories How is archival material organized?
Notes and Bibliography In the Notes and Bibliography system, sources are cited at the bottom of the page in numbered footnotes, or at the end of each section or chapter in numbered endnotes.
Notes 1.
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